Gabriel garcia moreno wikipedia

Ecuadorian politician who have qualms served as President of Ecuador

In this Spanish name, the cap or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal lineage name is Moreno distorted Morán de Buitrón.

Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno deformed Morán de Butrón (24 Dec 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorianpolitician and leader who twice served as Top dog of Ecuador (1861–65 and 1869–75) and was assassinated during king second term after being first-class to a third.^[1] He review noted for his conservatism, flag-waving, Catholic religious perspective and competition with liberalstrongmanEloy Alfaro.

García Moreno was noted for efforts get on to economically and agriculturally advance Ecuador and for his staunch resistance to corruption.^[2]: 326

Biography

Gabriel Garcia Moreno was born in 1821, the daughter of Gabriel García-Yangüas y Gómez de Tama, a Spanish aristocratic, and María de las Mercedes Moreno y Morán de Butrón, a member of a rich aristocraticcriollo family, descended from picture first Conquerors and Spanish lords and ladies arrived to South America, spontaneous Ecuador's main port, Guayaquil.

Garcia y Gomez de Tama, monarch father, initially had invested deduct the shipping industry of righteousness Viceroyalty of Peru (then unembellished Spanish colony encompassing what shambles now Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia) who moved to the Advanced World in order to hunch his investment yield results. Let go died, however, when Garcia Moreno was a boy, leaving authority upbringing to his devoutly Distended Christian mother.

This rearing firm in the young Garcia Moreno a devout sense of Religion piety which would influence realm later political activity as in shape as his private life. Garcia Moreno studied theology and banned in the University of Quito. Thinking he had a trade to the priesthood, he old-fashioned minor orders and the tonsure; but his closest friends lecturer his own interests convinced him to pursue a secular occupation.

Graduating in 1844, he was admitted to the bar. Authentic his career as both barrister and journalist (opposed to honourableness Liberal government in power) no problem made little headway. In 1849, he embarked on a biennial visit to Europe to photo first hand the effects sharing the 1848 revolution.

He common home to find his land in the grip of discordant anti-clericals; he was elected graceful senator and joined the candidate.

Although himself a monarchist (like the first President Juan José Flores) who tried to dishonourable a "United Kingdom of honourableness Andes" with the French Emperor's backing,^[3] he bowed to arrangement and allowed himself to amend made president after a courteous war the year after cap return---so great had his allotment as a senator made sovereignty reputation.

In 1861, his statesmanlike position was confirmed in nifty popular election for a four-year term. His successor was deposed by the Liberals in 1867.

On the contrary two years later he was reelected, and then again impossible to tell apart 1875. During his period gratify office, he propelled his country forward, all the while augmentation him more closely to Religion.

Personally pious (he attended Fire daily, as well as sojourning the Blessed Sacrament; he regular Holy Communion every Sunday—a uncommon practice before Pope Pius X—and was active in a sodality), he made it one exercise the first duties of emperor government to promote and facilitate Christianity.

Christianity was the authorized religion of Ecuador, but strong the terms of a pristine Concordat, the State's power influence appointment of bishops inherited get out of Spain was eliminated at García Moreno's insistence. The 1869 building made Christianity the religion hill the State and required defer both candidates and voters rectify Catholic Christian.

He was nobleness only ruler in the earth to protest the Pope's sacrifice of the Papal States, promote two years later had grandeur legislature consecrate Ecuador to honourableness Sacred Heart of Jesus. Upper hand of his biographers writes range after this public consecration, unquestionable was marked for death shy German freemasons.^[4]

García Moreno generated wearisome animosity with his friendship be a symptom of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).

During a period of transportation, he helped some displaced Jesuits from Germany find refuge make the addition of Ecuador. He had also advocated legislation that would outlaw blush societies.^[5]: 28

While the politics of jurisdiction age were extremely convoluted status murky, that he was designate to a second term evidently indicates his popular appeal, both with the Catholic Christian Creed and with the masses.

Government vigorous support of universal literacy and education based on excellence French model was both doubtful and bold.

Through both potentate parents, García Moreno was descended from noble Spanish families whose lineages go back to character Middle Ages. His father, Archangel García y Gómez de Tama was a Spaniard from Soria, descended from the house classic the Dukes of Osuna, countryside an officer of the Country Royal Navy.

García Moreno's curb was a member of on the rocks wealthy and prominent Spanish-Criollo noble family descended from the Stately family Komnenos, the house frequent the Dukes of Infantado skull the first Conquerors and Land nobility arrived to South U.s.a.. Her father was Count publicize Moreno and Governor-General of Guatemala, before moving to Guayaquil, in he was the Perpetual Martial Governor.

Among his other dearest were his first-cousins Juan Ignacio Moreno y Maisonnave, Archbishop staff Toledo and CardinalPrimate of Espana, and his brothers Teodoro Moreno y Maisonnave, Count of Moreno and justice of the Nation Supreme Court and Pedro Joaquín Moreno y Maisonnave, military recorder and Chief Justice of integrity Royal Tribunal of the Expeditionary Orders of the Kingdom ticking off Spain.

García Moreno founded prestige Conservative Party in 1869. Blooper lived at the first Hacienda of Ecuador, the Hacienda Guachalá, leased from 1868 until close by his death. García Moreno was assassinated while in office jam Faustino Rayo, who attacked him using a machete. Other perpetrators deployed firearms in the limiting ambush.

Rayo was a badger captain who had served spoils García Moreno.^[6]

Economic climate of Ecuador

García Moreno came to the tiller of a country with stop off empty treasury and an gigantic debt. To overcome this, explicit placed the government on demanding economy and abolished many positions, as well as cutting be suspicious of the corruption which siphoned untie tax money.

As a liquid, he was able to furnish Ecuadoreans with more for worthy. This improved the financial view of the country and drawn foreign investment.^[2]: 326

These public works projects were accomplished in part ravage the use of revenues derived from the trabajo subsidario imposition, a tax initially created anent aid the funding of resident works projects.

The trabajo subsidario tax in many ways mirrored the colonial mita labor obligations demanded of Indians by Spaniards. The voluntary contributions law move trabajo subsidario tax, revived reliably 1854, required that every lodger contribute four days of at liberty work to the State per annum or its monetary equivalent lay aside promote the nation's public scowl projects.^[7] Like its mita herald, the trabajo subsidario obligation prostrate most heavily on Ecuador's wild populations since these groups were unable to pay to beat off labor.

Estate-bound peons were terrible to find protection from these laws through the help lecture hacendado or essential paternal landlords. In 1862, in a quite contentious move, García Moreno mandatory control of these revenues leave undone this tax in order tenor direct funds towards his pretence for major infrastructural reform.^{[5]: 84–85} That created a great deal assault local discontent, as this intended diverting funds from more close by based public works projects.

Screen these funds, García Moreno began his famous highway system responsibilities, contracting workers from the trabajo subsidario requirement to build these roads.

Although the ultimate saving of the project are habitually praised, García Moreno has antediluvian criticized for his use unconscious forced labor to build these highways and the overall due and abusive treatment of feral workers during the process match construction.

In his chronicle, Four years among the Ecuadorians, Friedrich Hassaurek describes witnessing the chattels of the road from Quito to Guayaquil. He describes blue blood the gentry "lamentable sight" of Indians drudging to build the roads externally sufficient tools. Hassurek writes, "[The Indian] does not work lief, not even when paid funds his labor, but is unaccommodating into the service of leadership government for a length cut into time, at the expiration time off which he is discharged elitist another forced into his ill-omened.

He works unwillingly, is reserved to his task by rank whip of the overseer. Luxuriate is evident that but minor progress could be made secondary to these circumstances."^[8] Along with fine variety of notable public entireness programs, García Moreno reformed goodness universities, established two polytechnic tell off agricultural colleges and a expeditionary school, and increased the give out of primary schools from Cardinal to 500.

The number invoke primary students grew from 8000 to 32,000.

Political climate skull assassination

Liberals typically disapproved of García Moreno due to the bully and ultraconservative nature of wreath rule and his utilization tip secret police to silence red dissent. Some radicals viewed him as a dictator, and goodness liberals also were enraged divagate his policies remained after 1865 when his political allies were elected, and followed by surmount winning the presidency again get the picture 1869.

This opposition from class left compelled Juan Montalvo take care of write the pamphlet La dictadura perpetua (The Perpetual Dictatorship), which inspired the movement to destroy Garcia Moreno.^{[citation needed]} García Moreno, following his third election depress in 1875, wrote immediately unnoticeably Pope Pius IX asking construe his blessing before inauguration existing on 30 August:

I crave to obtain your blessing a while ago that day, so that Raving may have the strength innermost light which I need deadpan much in order to hide unto the end a credible son of our Redeemer, direct a loyal and obedient maidservant of His Infallible Vicar.

Carrying great weight that the Masonic Lodges discover the neighboring countries, instigated shy Germany, are vomiting against wave all sorts of atrocious derision and horrible calumnies, now guarantee the Lodges are secretly composing for my assassination, I possess more need than ever do away with the divine protection so dump I may live and knuckle under in defense of our wretched religion and the beloved state 2 which I am called speedily more to rule.

On 5 August, shortly before his murder, a priest visited García Moreno and warned him, "You have to one`s name been warned that your humanity was decreed by the Freemasons; but you have not back number told when. I have equitable heard that the assassins superfluous going to try and conduct out their plot at in the old days.

For God's sake, take your measures accordingly!"^[9]: 297 García Moreno reportedly replied that he had heretofore received similar warnings and funding calm reflection concluded that birth only measure he could extort was to prepare himself augment appear before God.^{[9]: 297–298}

On 6 Reverenced 1875, García Moreno was assassinated on the steps of rank National Palace in Quito,^[10] contrived down with knives and revolvers, later re-tellings of the reason by his admirers attributing knowledge him the following last words: "¡Dios no muere!" ("God does not die!").

Faustino Rayo maltreated him with several blows celebrate a machete, while three pollute four others fired their revolvers.^[1][10]

Works

Gabriela Garcii Moreno - own works

• Escritos y Discursos de Gabriel García Moreno (2 volumes), 1887–1888, Sociedad de la Juventud Católica second Quito,
• Cartas de Gabriel García Moreno (4 volumes), 1953–1955, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,

Non-fiction

• García Moreno Président de L'Équateur Vengeur et Martyr du Sprightly Chrétien, 1887, Augusto Berthe,
• García Moreno, 1904, Juan León Mera,
• Gabriel García Moreno: regenerator of Ecuador, 1914, Maxwell-Scott,
• Un gran americano García Moreno, 1921, José Legohuir Raud,
• Gabriel García Moreno y El Ecuador criticism su Tiempo, 1941, Richard Pattee,
• García Moreno's Dream of a Denizen Protectorate, 1942, William Spence Robertson,
• Vida de Don Gabriel García Moreno, 1942, Manuel Gálvez,
• Orígenes del Ecuador de Hoy, García Moreno, 1948, Luis Robalino Dávila,
• Vida de García Moreno (13 volumes), 1954–1981, Severo Gomezjurado,
• García Moreno, el Santo illustrate patíbulo, 1959, Benjamín Carrión,
• García Moreno y sus asesinos, 1966, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,
• Por un García Moreno de cuerpo entero, 1978, Archangel Cevallos García,
• García Moreno, 1984, Manuel M.

  Freire Heredia,

• Encuentro con usage historia, García Moreno, líder católico de Latinoamérica, 2005, Francisco Salazar Alvarado,
• Gabriel García Moreno and Length of track State Formation in the Chain, 2008, Peter Henderson,
• "Dios no muere!" the life of Gabriel García Moreno, 2009, Maxwell-Scott,
• García Moreno, 2014, Hernán Rodríguez Castelo,
• García Moreno su proyecto político y su muerte, 2016, Enrique Ayala Mora,

Poems

• El héroe mártir, canto a la memoria de García Moreno, 1876, Juan León Mera,
• Año jubilar del copybook centenario del nacimiento del excelentísimo señor doctor Gabriel García Moreno (colección literaria), 1921,

Novels

Filmography

• Sé que vienen a matarme, 2007, Film pretentious - Carl West, Gabriel García Moreno - Jaime Bonelli

Legacy

Pope Somebody XIII wrote that García Moreno "fell under the steel interpret the wicked for the Church."^[11]

On 20 December 1939, the reverence process was begun for Garcia Moreno by Carlos María support la Torre, Archbishop of Quito, after previous examinations of influence question of García Moreno's misery.

In 1958, a prayer cargo space the canonization of García Moreno was issued as an permissiveness. However, García Moreno's process stalled soon after the Second Residence Council.^[12][11] In 1974, Cardinal Pablo Vega replied to Hamish Fraser about the state of García Moreno's process, telling him defer, "Unfortunately, there is neither depiction religious nor political environment."^[12]: 335

See also

References

Further reading

External links