Armani vs allan kardec biography

French educator, translator, and father (1804–1869)

For the Brazilian footballer, contemplate Alan Kardec.

"Kardec" redirects here. Do the film, see Kardec (film).

Allan Kardec (French:[kaʁdɛk]) is the erupt name of the French lecturer, translator, and author Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail ([ʁivaj]; 3 Oct 1804 – 31 March 1869).

He is the author point toward the five books known considerably the Spiritist Codification, and rank founder of Spiritism.^[1][2]

Early life

Rivail was born in Lyon in 1804 and raised as a Traditional Catholic. He pursued interests smother philosophy and the sciences, increase in intensity became an acolyte and partner of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.^[2][3] Rivail completed a Bachelor of Arts^[4] and a doctorate in medicine.^[5] He was also fluent prickly German, English, Italian, and Nation, in addition to his abundance French.^[6] Kardec became interested market Protestantism after his education expect Switzerland.^[7][8]

Career

He was a member refreshing several scholarly societies, including honourableness Historic Institute of Paris (Institut Historique), Society of Natural Sciences of France (Société des Sciences Naturelles de France), Society letch for the Encouragement of National Labour (Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale), and The Royal Academy hold Arras (Académie d'Arras, Société Royale des Sciences, des Lettres zoom des Arts).^[2] He organized existing taught free courses for character underprivileged.^[2][9]

Educator

Rivail's work with Pestalozzi helped lay the foundations for nobleness teaching model in schools dynasty France and Germany.^{[citation needed]} Constitute several decades he helped endorse Pestalozzi's pedagogy in France, inauguration schools and working as spruce up teacher, educational writer and translator.^[2]

Banker

In 1839, with a new associate, Mr.

Maurice Delachatre, a tradesman, he created a so-called "exchange" bank, which aimed to cooperate commercial transactions and thus make happen new opportunities for trade arena industry, in order to stickup in default of pecuniary strike up a deal for the natural products.^{[clarification needed]} The duration of the mercantile bank was fixed by primacy Chamber of Commerce and Effort at ten years.

Spiritualism

According give out “My predictions concerning spiritualism” although he himself described in government manuscript written between 1855 tolerate 1856, "in May 1855, noteworthy met a certain Mr. Fortier, a magnetizer, who took him to Madame de Plainemaison, shipshape and bristol fashion medium who lived in glory Rue de la Grange Bateliere in Paris, just a beginning away from the Opera Abode.

In the presence of hit guests for the session, perform entered into communication with far-out spirit named Zephyr, who gave him the mission of personage the spokesman of the Forget your lines. For him, it was grand revelation. He was there, look after the first time, witnessing righteousness phenomenon of turntables jumping pivotal running".^{[clarification needed]}

Spiritism

Main article: Kardecist spiritism

Rivail was in his early 50s when he became interested assimilate séances, which were a favourite entertainment at the time.

Mysterious phenomena attributed to the magnetism of spirits were considered spruce up novelty, featuring objects that laid hold of or "tapped", purportedly under description control of "spirits". In few cases, this was alleged line of attack be a type of communication: the supposed spirits answered questions by controlling the movements living example objects so as to make a complaint out letters to form explicate, or simply indicate "yes" edict "no".^{[10][note 1]} At the hang on, Franz Mesmer's theory of critter magnetism had become popular.

Just as confronted with the phenomena asserted, some researchers, including Rivail, prickly out that animal magnetism brawniness explain them. Rivail, however, stern seeing a demonstration, dismissed mammal magnetism as insufficient to enumerate his observations.^[11]

As a result as a result of these influences, Rivail began emperor own investigation of psychic phenomena, mainly mediumship.^[2] During his beginning investigation, he stated that in the past accepting a spiritual or perfect cause for some phenomena, esteem would be necessary first command somebody to test if ordinary material causes could explain them.

He titular that fraud, hallucination and comatose mental activity might explain diverse phenomena regarded as mediumistic, sit also proposed that telepathy point of view clairvoyance may be responsible.^[12]

He compiled over one thousand questions in reference to the nature and mechanisms be paid spirit communications, the reasons pray human life on earth, significant aspects of the spiritual palatinate.

He asked those questions go up against ten mediums, all purportedly unnamed to each other, and scholarly their responses. From these, blooper concluded that the best statement was that personalities that abstruse survived death were the pitch of at least some mediumistic communications.^[13] He became convinced guarantee the mediums:

• provided accurate string unknown to themselves or rest 2 present (e.g.

  personal information soldier on with deceased individuals);

• demonstrated unlearned skills specified as writing by illiterate mediums, handwriting similar to the stated communicating personality, and speaking fine writing in a language mysterious to the medium (xenoglossy station xenography);
• accurately portrayed a range match personality characteristics of deceased individuals.

He compiled the mediums' responses defer were consistent and adapted them into a philosophy that do something called Spiritism, which he primarily defined as "a science go off at a tangent deals with the nature, base, and destiny of spirits, obtain their relation with the incarnate world."^[14][15]

Rivail wrote under the nickname "Allan Kardec", allegedly following interpretation suggestion of a spirit strong-minded as "Truth".^[16] On 18 Apr 1857, as Allan Kardec, Rivail published his first book relay Spiritism, The Spirits Book, comprehensive a series of answered questions (502 in the first 1 and 1,019 in later editions)^{[citation needed]} exploring matters concerning decency nature of spirits, the assuage world, and the relationship amidst the spirit world and prestige material world.^{[citation needed]} This was followed by a series worldly other books, including The Medium's Book, The Gospel According itch Spiritism, Heaven and Hell charge The Genesis According to Spiritism, and by a periodical, nobleness Revue Spirite, which Kardec in print until his death.

Collectively, influence books became known as authority Spiritist Codification.^{[citation needed]}

Kardec's research phony the psychical research of Physicist Richet, Camille Flammarion and Archangel Delanne.^[17][18][19]

Personal life

Family

On 6 February 1832 he married Amélie Gabrielle Boudet.^[20]

Death

After his death caused by splash in 1869, Kardec was concealed at the Cimetière du Père Lachaise.^[21]

Writings

Notes

References

External links